Hats: Details from the Setúbal Altarpiece, Jorge Afonso's workshop, 1520 - 1530 AD, and Genealogy of the Virgin (St Joachim and the Virgin) by Gregório Lopes, 16th century.

Nearly everyone shown in the altarpiece is wearing a cap, hat, turban, crown, veil, hood or headgear of some description: the head would have been bare only in private.

Caps and hats shown on the altarpiece vary from simple, soft cloth affairs like the French beret (a simple version is held in the panel of the Genealogy of the Virgin, while others have brooches, or are elaborated with slits) to bigger and more enveloping caps with peaks, tassels and bobbles (Presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple, Deposition, Calvary, the Martyr Saints of Morocco), which must reflect Oriental influence.