Originating in north-west India, Roma (gypsies) have migrated westwards since the first millennium. The earliest written records stem from the early 11th century, and by the early 16th century they were to be found in nearly every part of Europe. They have frequently suffered persecution. Today they have to fight not so much against persecution as against erosion of their lifestyle from urban influences and industrialised society. Their travelling lifestyle has been restricted but more permanent camps cause controversy.

Other travellers maintained their lifestyle, providing particular services to the host community, such as the fairground travellers, circus people and canal workers.